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French Impressionist Cinema: Film Culture, Film Theory, and Film Style (December 1974)

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\N on garnered an annual profit of 8.4 million franes, but in 1915, his company succumbed to a 4.8 million-frane deficit.?* Pathé was forced to seek backing from American companies, and as part of this arrangement, American films (up ‘tor this tine rare on French screens) were imported to fill the vacuum.5>5 The American invasion was spear headed by a Pearl White serial, The Exploits of Elaine, several Chaplin and Ince films, and Cecil B. DeMille's The Cheat--all released in France in 1915.34 This was the beginning of a wave that was not to recede until _— 1950", for American films quickly dominated the French market. Reliable figures on the number of French and American releases for the 1914-1918 period are not available, but the contemporary trade journals indicate clearly that during these years most American firms either opened Parisian branches or were directly represented by established firms. For example, in 1919 Fox=Filin had its own bureau, while Metro and Goldwyn were represented by Pathé Fréres, Lasky and Paramount by Gaumont, Mutual and Vitagraph by l'Agence Générale Cinématographique, Triangle and Keystone by Ciné-Location-Eclipse, and the independent productions of Ince and Sennett by Aubert.3° By 1922, First National, United Artists, Vitagraph, and Paramount all had their own Paris distribution offices.2© As a result, American