Educational screen & audio-visual guide (c1956-1971])

Orkney Island by Dr. William Sladen, medical officer and biologist with the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. It opens by showing the movement of the adult penguins to their breeding grounds by walking and "tobagganing" where eventually twenty thousand of them will gather to form this colony. The film then shows the "ecstatic display" of both the adelie and the chin strap penguins with the accompanying sound effects. This mating display repels other male penguins and attracts the females; however, the film shows that fights between male penguins occur to determine the recipient of the female's affections. The film continues by showing the building of the nest of stones by the expectant parents some of which are energetic and "honest" in their searching for stones while others steal from their neighbors' nests. Later, two eggs are laid in each nest. The next sequence pictures the female searching for more stones and going to the sea to feed while the lonely male must remain at the nest to protect and shelter the eggs not only from nature's elements but also from birds which will peck through the unprotected egg and eat the contents. The female finally returns from the sea after two-and-ahalf weeks of feeding. Then pictured is the mutual display (the nest relief ceremony or changing of the guard). The well-fed female relieves the undernourished, stiff male who promptly begins a search for more stones. It is then the male's turn to go to the sea and recover some of the forty percent body weight which he has lost. The film shows the male penguins swimming by their magnificent "porpoising" movements which will give them a maximum speed of thirty miles per hour. Next, the film tells that the incubation period is thirty-five days and pictures the newly hatched adelie and chin strap penguins which are fed by regurgitation by the parents. Then it shows a short sequence of the large elephant seals lying near the nests of the comparatively small penguins. However, the penguins stand their Advertisement HELPFUL BOOKS AUDIO-VISUAL METHODS IN TEACHING: REVISED AND ENLARGED. By Edgar Dale. 544 pp. Illustrated; and with 49 full-color plates. The Dryden Press, 1 1 0 West 57th St., New York 19, N. Y. 1954. $6.25. EDUCATORS GUIDE TO FREE FILMS. Compiled and Edited by Mary Foley Horkheimer and John W. Diffor. Educational Consultant, John Guy Fowlkes. 18th Annual Edition, 1958. Educators Progress Service, Dept. AVG, Rondolph, Wis. $7.00. THE AUDIO-VISUAL EQUIPMENT MANUAL. By James D. Finn. Published under the general editorship of Edgar Dale. 384 pp. 1400 illustrations. The Dryden Press, 1 1 0 West 57th St., New York 19, N. Y. 1957. $9.50. EDUCATORS GUIDE TO FREE SLIDEFILMS. Compiled and Edited by Mary Foley Horkheimer and John W. Diffor. Tenth Annual Edition, 1958. Educators Progress Service, Dept. AVG, Randolph, Wis. $6.00. AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS: THEIR NATURE AND USE. Revised Edition. By Walter Arno Wittieh and Charles F. Schuller. 570 pp. 249 Illustrations, 14 Color Plates. Harper Gr Brothers, 49 E. 33 rd St., New York 16, N.Y. 1957. $6.50. EDUCATORS GUIDE TO FREE TAPES, SCRIPTS, AND TRANSCRIPTIONS. Compiled and Edited by Walter A. Wittieh, Ph.D., and Gertie Hanson Hoisted, M.A. Fourth Annuol Edition, 1958. Educators Progress Service, Dept. AVG, Randolph, Wis. $5.75. MANUAL OF AUDIO-VISUAL TECHNIQUES. By Robert de KieHer and Lee Cochran. 220 pages. 1955. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, $3.75. MITCHELL'S MANUAL OF PRACTICAL PROJECTION. 450 pp. Illustrated and cross-indexed. Covers every aspect of motion picture projection. 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Also, briefly shown is Dr. Sladen's method for putting metal identification tags and painted numbers on the adelie penguin's flippers. The film then returns to the chicks which are now five weeks old and group in the "nursery" while the adults go to the sea for food. After the adults return to the colony consisting of thousands of penguins, chick and parent recognize each other and the feeding chase begins. The film shows the chick running after its parent who frequently pauses to feed it by regurgitation. Next, the film pictures the large, brown, gull-like skua birds as they kill a young penguin that had become separated from the others. .Another isolated weakling chick is shown as it fights off the pecks of the skua and hurries back to the safety of the group. Continuing, the film shows an adult penguin being tossed about by the surging water as it desperately tries to reach land. It is successful and hurries to the colony to feed its young. It is now nearing the close of the season and nine weeks after hatching the young penguins receive their last feeding. They plunge into the water and their awkward swimming movements are a sharp contrast to the beautiful "porpoising" of the adults observed earlier in ihe film. These awkward movements make them an easy prey for the leopard seal. The film pictures a young penguin being skinned alive and gulped down by a seal; however, many of them survive and will return to the breeding grounds to again complete the adelie penguin life cycle. Appraisal This film is an amusing, dramatic, interesting presentation which will be appealing to audiences of all ages but will be of particular educational usefulness to junior high, senior high and college groups. It presents an exexcellent study of animal behavior and adaptation to environment. It shows the constant struggle for survival, the menace of the ever-present enemies of the penguin both on land and in the sea, the struggle with the rigors of the climate, the surging sea and its rocky shores, the competition with other penguins, and the trials of the young, growing chicks. The film also shows the beautifully effective adaptation of the penguins to their snow and ice environment. Since this film is a scientific documentation — actually part of a doctoral thesis — and the first record of the life history of a penguin, it will also be of considerable interest to the advanced zoologist. —George Viike 362 EdScreen & AV Guide — July, 1958