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ii2 THE EDUCATIONAL TALKING PICTURE member of the group should be made to feel that he has an op- portunity of expressing his reactions to the new material. Imme- diately after the picture has been shown, the ensuing discussion should bring to light any mistaken views; it should single out the important picture ideas; and it should relate the picture to the larger background of the unit. The teacher may find it advisable after ten or fifteen minutes of discussion to repeat the picture. Where this is done, the students should be asked to make a list of the points to which they need to pay special attention in the re- peated showing. With regard to the frequency of showing during the course of an entire unit, three times should be considered a minimum. The judgment of the teachers participating in the Erpi experiment which is reported in chapter v confirmed this standard. No experimental data are now available concerning the effect of picture repetition on interest. This will vary with the subject, the type of picture, and the special interests of the group. It is well to keep in mind that almost any educational talking picture has so many facets of interest that a great number of showings, if skilfully introduced, are possible without loss of value. To summarize, the talking picture at this stage of the learning process adds to the student's knowledge, helps to reveal and cor- rect mistaken ideas, and stimulates the application of its concepts to the problems of the unit. APPLYING THE UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE UNIT In the final stage of the unit, students should be encouraged to make practical application of the facts and ideas they have ac- quired as a result of their study. The new concepts must be uti- lized if they are to be a permanent part of the student's mental equipment. He has now reached the point where he can derive satisfaction from his recent learning accomplishment in solving problems which hitherto puzzled him. To use the illustration from transportation again, the student now can apply his knowledge of transportation devices and their social effects to conditions exist- ing in his community. The talking picture is important here for review purposes. It