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TACTILE COMMUNICATION 9
these definitions, casting them largely in verbal form, but the tactile definitions nevertheless remain prior and basic.
Babies seem to differ widely in their need for tactile experiences and in their response to such ministrations. Deprivation of such experiences may compromise the infant's future learning, particularly of speech and, indeed, of all symbolic systems, including more mature tactile communication. If severely limited in these experiences, presumably he must wait until his capacities for visual and auditory communication are developed sufficiently to permit him to enter into satisfactory communication with others.
Such a child may become unusually dependent upon the authority of his parents and overly obedient to their pronouncements; he will lack the experience of prior communication, and he may find the sudden jump not only difficult but conducive to unhealthy relationships. Perhaps this offers clues to schizophrenic personalities who are unable to enter fully and effectively into the symbolic world of others and many of whom are reported to be rejected babies, deprived of mothering. It may also throw light upon the impairment of abstract thinking observed in children separated from their mothers. There is evidence as well that not only reading disabilities but also speech retardation and difficulties arise from early deprivation of, and confusion in, tactile communication. Such deprivation may evoke exploratory searches for surrogates: masturbation, thumb sucking, fingering the nose, ears, hair, or reliance on other modes of communication.
The child is often alienated from his mother around five or six, when this seeking and giving tactual contacts begin to diminish in our culture. We see boys evading or being denied such contacts, although with girls it may continue longer. This diminution of tactual sensitivity and experiences, characteristic of middle childhood, the so-called latency period, ceases abruptly at puberty when the boy and girl become avid for such contacts, seeking to touch and be touched. In adolescence, tactile communication increases, at first between members of the same sex, as boys walk together with arms on each other's shoulders, girls with arms around each other's waists, and then with the first tentative heterosexual explorations. Tactile communication in adult