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FILM AND EDUCATION
ing motion pictures before groups of people challenged men in both Europe and America. The work on such a projection instrument was so swift and so simultaneous that inevitable contradictions arise when an attempt is made to attribute the perfection of the motion picture projector to any one man or team of men.
Given an adequate source of illumination, a flexible transparent emulsion base, and the essential mechanical and optical components from the motion picture camera, the development of the motion picture projector was swift and inevitable. In America, final work was being done by Woodville Latham, Thomas Armat, and Francis Jenkins; in England, by Paul; in Germany, by Oscar Messter and the Sladanowsky brothers; and in France, by the Lumiere brothers.
Just who gets credit for the first public showing of the motion picture projector is not of particular importance here, but it is interesting to note that attempts to give such credit generally are dependent upon which side of the Atlantic the credit-giver is from and upon his interpretation of whether a public showing must involve an -admission fee. It is certain that public demonstrations of motion picture projectors were given in 1895 by Latham, Jenkins and Armat, and the Lumiere brothers, all of which were before scientific groups or invited audiences. Some writers give credit for the first pubic showing (for an admission fee) to Thomas Armat in New York City on April 27, 1896. Armat, his collaborator Francis Jenkins having dropped out of the venture, was induced by his financial backers to seek the last-minute collaboration of Thomas Edison because of the great prestige of Edison's name. Such is the explanation of how Edison's name came to be attached to Thomas Armat's "Vitascope" motion picture projector, for it is known that Edison had been reluctant to perfect an instrument of his own which would show moving pictures to groups and thereby jeopardize the commercial value of his peep-hole Kinetoscope galleries which had been in operation since 1894. In joining Armat, Edison bowed to the inevitable.