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FILM AND EDUCATION
has enough money to buy a doll that she wants. The doll costs 60 cents.
Concrete stage: Mary lays out 3 dimes and 8 pennies which she takes out of her pocketbook. Her aunt hands her 2 dimes and 4 pennies. Mary groups her money with the dimes together and with the pennies together. She counts it by saying: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 51, 52. . . 62.
Mary's aunt shows her a quicker way to count her money, by grouping or piling up 10 pennies, so she can say: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 61, 62. Mary says, "10 pennies are the same as a dime. Will you exchange 10 of my pennies for a dime?"
Her aunt makes the exchange, and emphasizes the fact that 6 dimes and 2 pennies are worth the same amount as 5 dimes and 12 pennies.
Mary decides that she has enough money to buy her doll and goes off to buy it.
A repetition of the above idea may be pictured in which Mary's brother, Tom, has 57 cents; his aunt gives him 24 cents also. By exchanging he finds that he has 8 dimes and 1 penny, or 81 cents.
Semi-concrete stage: There are boxes marked "tens" and "ones". In the tens' box there are tickets done up in packages of tens. In the ones' box there are single tickets. Button molds strung in bunches of ten, or any small counters which may be fastened together may be pictured. There are two small trays and one larger tray on a table.
Mary takes 3 tens and 8 ones out of the boxes, counting them as she does it, and places them on one small tray. Tom takes 2 tens and 4 ones and places them on the other small tray.
Mary and Tom turn their backs for a moment and the tickets from each of the small trays jump over onto the larger tray. Mary says, "Look, my tickets and yours are together now. They must want to play together. I wonder how many are on the large tray?"
On the large tray the tens hold hands and the ones hold
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