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FILMS IN THE ARMED SERVICES
reach with the usual lack of funds, personnel and universal compulsion that exists under so-called normal conditions.
5. The problems of training personnel with no or only limited experience in teaching with visual materials must be studied in order to meet the overwhelming demands of military training brought about by mobilization.
The problem of teaching teachers in modern methods is one of the most difficult and important at any time. Under conditions of mobilization it is unbelievably more difficult. Even when personnel with past teaching experience are available, the demands for speed and effectiveness in the military pattern require additional concentrated training. Too often films and other audio-visual tools were made available to persons given responsibilities as instructors with no adequate information or provisions for utilization to meet special needs. Even more serious was the fact that persons assigned as instructors too often had insufficient military indoctrination and orientation to give them the knowledge and confidence necessary for effective teaching whether with or without films and other visual aids. As indicated, although many films were produced that were complete experiences not actually requiring "instruction" as such, the great bulk of films required thorough preparation of students, knowledge of the students' readiness for saturated film experiences, and precise integration in the teaching program to achieve optimum effectiveness. The conclusion must be that there is much work to be done on the problem of teaching teachers in the use of films if the accepted possibilities of audio-visual techniques for instruction are to be achieved in the armed services or education.
The above generalization indicate a number of areas in which the armed services could do serious study profitably. It would seem advantageous to determine the following:
1. How effective training films were in terms of their original objectives.
2. What learnings or effects training films had that were
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