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252 FILMS IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY that the prints which they have in service average only 75 showings before they become unsatisfactory for use. Other libraries that do not remove scratched prints from circu- lation obtain as many as 300 showings from each. The national theatrical average for 35-mm theater use is 200 showings per print. Most film deterioration comes from care- lessness. Simple, careful, clean, common-sense handling is all that is required to ensure film longevity. There is one practice that probably results in more film damage than all other causes combined. This is the projec- tion of a film immediately upon receipt from the laboratory. Such film is called "green film," for it has not had a chance to age properly. After approximately a week has elapsed, the emulsion contracts and the gelatin structure is changed, pre- senting a much harder surface less susceptible to damage. Small particles of the soft emulsion of a green film accumu- late on the projector, become hardened with the heat, and are a prime cause of film scratches. The tendency of green films to stick in a projector is easily noted in slidefilms, where the film is moved manually from frame to frame. It is, in fact, sometimes impossible to move slidefilms just out of the laboratory through the projector without ripping out sprocket holes. There are several protective processes available for treat- ing films. Their greatest value is their ability to make green films usable. In this connection it is interesting to note that the largest film library in the country does not have its prints treated in any way but stores them for several weeks before use. Most film damage occurs at the beginning and end of reels. It is, therefore, good insurance to provide ample leader on both ends of the film. If this leader is torn during threading or rewinding, it can be replaced with little trouble or expense.