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36 PUDOVKIN
general rhythm of the action one should indicate the speed of the fade : quick, slow. Often shots are bounded by a fade-in and fade-out — that is to say, the scene begins with the opening and ends with the closing of the shutter. By the use of this method is achieved the emphasis 6f an incident divorced from the general line of thk scenario — very often, for example, this method is used for a refrain (leitmotif) or a flash-back. The fade can take various forms. A common form, now old-fashioned, is the round iris. At an iris-in there appears upon the dark screen a spot of light, disclosing the picture as it broadens.19 Other forms of shutter are, for example, an iris like a widening or narrowing slit, a falling or rising horizontal shutter, vertical side shutters, and so forth. It should be mentioned, however, that the frequent use of various irises and shutters 20 is unnecessarily trying to the spectator.
Shots in iris or in mask. — The screen is darkened except for a light opening in the centre, round or otherwise in shape. The action takes place in this opening. This is a so-called " mask." Its employment has various meanings. The most common is its use to let the spectator see from the viewpoint of the hero — for example, the hero looks through a keyhole ; there appears what he sees, shown in a mask shaped like a keyhole. A field-glass-shaped mask can also be used, and so forth.
It is interesting to note the special use of a small, round mask (a stationary iris), often used in American films. For example : (a) The hero