Film technique and film acting : the cinema writings of V. I. Pudovkin (1954)

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38 PUDOVKIN along the object showing various parts of it one after the other. This is a purely technical method, and its significance is obvious. Forward or Backward Movement ( Tracking or Trolleying). — The camera approaches or becomes distant from the object during the shot. This method is nowadays scarcely ever used.23 It gives a gradual transition from long-shot to close-up, and the reverse. Shots Out of Focus. — In the latest American films one often notices sections (especially faces in closeup) taken so that the outlines appear slightly indistinct.24 This method undoubtedly gives a special colour of softness and " tenderness," especially in scenes of lyric character, but it must be considered as a specific aesthetic method devoid of general application. Everything said here regarding simple methods of taking shots has certainly only information value. What particular method of shooting is to be used, only his own taste and his own finer feelings can tell the scenarist. Here are no rules ; the field for new invention and combination is wide. METHODS OF TREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL (Structural Editing) A cinematograph film, and consequently also a scenario, is always divided into a great number of separate pieces (more correctly, it is built out of these pieces). The sum of the shooting-script is