Film technique and film acting : the cinema writings of V. I. Pudovkin (1954)

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ON FILM TECHNIQUE 39 divided into sequences, each sequence into scenes,25 and, finally, the scenes themselves are constructed from a whole series of pieces (script-scenes) shot from various angles. An actual scenario, ready for use in shooting, must take into account this basic property of the film. The scenarist must be able to write his material on paper exactly as it will appear upon the screen, thus giving exactly the content of each shot as well as its position in sequence. The construction of a scene from pieces, a sequence from scenes, and reel from sequences, and so forth, is called editing. Editing is one of the most significant instruments of effect possessed by the film technician and, therefore, by the scenarist also. Let us now become acquainted with its methods one by one. EDITING OF THE SCENE Everyone familiar with a film is familiar with the expression " close-up." The alternating representation of the faces of the characters during a dialogue ; the representation of hands, or feet, filling the whole screen — all this is familiar to everyone. But in order to know how properly to use the close-up, one must understand its significance, which is as follows : the close-up directs the attention of the spectator to that detail which is, at the moment, important to the course of the action. For instance, three persons are taking part in a scene. Suppose the significance of this scene consist in the general course of the action (if, for example, all three are lifting some heavy object), then they are taken