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196 HARVARD BUSINESS REPORTS
conjunction with the casting, art, and sets departments, selected respectively the cast, locations, and sets. When possible, Paramount contract actors were given first preference in casting. At the same time a scenarist prepared the script in final form, making all necessary additions and corrections, determining the number of sets to be used, the amount and text of the dialogue, the number of titles, the musical scores, and the general pictorial effects.
Because of the introduction of sound, all Paramount actors, regardless of their experience, submitted to a thorough voice diagnosis, known as the " screen voice test." This process was expensive but nevertheless indispensable. Before the advent of talking pictures the company's production officials had a complete knowledge of all prominent players' camera possibilities. Eventually the same would be true of their voices.
Subsequent to the directorial assignment for a picture, the studio production manager appointed an associate producer to supervise the making of the picture, and the studio executive manager appointed a business manager to take charge of the business aspects of his assigned pictures. These two, together with the director, decided upon a definite production schedule and detailed budgets, the total of which should not exceed the amount allocated to that specific production.
Dialogue parts were usually assigned immediately after the cast had been selected. Rehearsals began one week in advance of the date set for starting production, and were held again on the sets just before the shots were taken. Rehearsals had not been the customary practice before the introduction of synchronization.
In arranging the schedule, plans were made at the same time for taking both indoor and outdoor shots. This precaution was taken to insure progress of the picture against inclement weather. Schedule delays cost between $5,000 and $10,000 a day, the average cost being $8,000. The more difficult scenes were assigned to the last stages of production. To avoid waste in time during which high-salaried actors were employed, the scenes in which they appeared were arranged in sequence.
In the production of a picture, motion pictures of each scene were made from two or more perspectives. Often different types of cameras were used in order to reduce the risks due to errors in the judgment of the directors, photographers, or actors. After