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18 A HISTORY OF THE MOVIES
son, but complicated, requiring expert operation. Lumiere, in France, had invented a portable camera, but, unwilling to create competition for himself, guarded his secret zealously, and very few of his instruments had reached the market. Gaumont, Pathc, and other Frenchmen acquired photographic apparatus of their own, and Paul of London and others in America and Europe were experimenting with camera invention or imitation when living pictures aroused new audiences in the United States, but none had yet produced marketable equipment.
The Latham-Lambda company, failing to acquire the necessary organization and equipment to manufacture a steady supply of pantopticons, made only a few projectors and perhaps a few cameras, but never enough of either to win for itself a position in the new industry. The Edison Company, through alliance with Armat and his vitascope, was the foremost manufacturer, at home or abroad, of projectors, as well as films, but even a well-established institution such as this could not immediately fill all the many orders for projection machines. Edison was willing to rent projectors, and after a while another machine than Armat's vitascope was produced in the Edison shops and was sold outright to showmen; but the Edison Company would not sell or rent cameras, the intention being to control for itself the production and sale of pictures.
The Biograph company expanded to meet the requirements of screen entertainment, building on the foundation of its mutoscope cabinet operations. Biograph had obtained some financing from a bank, this being the only pioneer film project to receive assistance from capitalists, and Jeremiah J. Kennedy, an engineer experienced in important industrial undertakings, entered the corporation as representative of the banking interests. Percy Waters, an exhibitor and trader in films, also joined the organization, and its affairs were managed by Marvin, Kennedy and Waters.
Biograph's camera, designed to circumvent Edison's patents, used a film much larger than Edison film, and this difference in size carried with it similar differences in the mechanism of the