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14 History of Three-Color Photography
sufficient for the proof of Young's theory if we can form all the spectrum colors by means of three components, which correspond to the three fundamental color-sensations, and which can be called the fundamental or primary colors. This is a physiological problem, that is the formation of the spectral colors, not only as regards hue, bur also as regards saturation. If, for instance, two complementary colors, violet and yellow-green are mixed so as to form white, it will be found that much less violet is required than the other. The spectral colors possess varying degrees of saturation ; violet is the most saturated, then follow blue, red, orange and yellow. Young chose the most widely separated colors in the spectrum, red, green and violet; but in mixing these colors to produce the intermediate ones the latter could not be made in full saturation. If, for instance, the extreme red be mixed with the green of the E line, a yellow is obtained that agrees with the spectrum yellow in hue, but it is much too white. If a yellower green be used a much better yellow is secured, but its mixture with the blue-violet gives a whitish blue. With the three colors chosen, the intermediate colors can be obtained, but in all cases of insufficient saturation. Therefore, one is forced to the conclusion that the fundamental colors are actually much more saturated than those of the spectrum. These supersaturated colors can not be reproduced, as spectrum colors are the most saturated that we know, and the supersaturated ones can only be numerically calculated.
The fundamental colors, determined by various experimentalists, agree so far, if saturation be excluded, that they may be generally called red, green and violet. Konig and Dieterichi, F. Exner and V. Griinberg have chosen a bluish-green for the fundamental green. Clerk Maxwell and Helmholtz chose a yellowish-green. The primary blue varies from a greenish-blue (Griinberg) to a blue-violet (Maxwell). But there is a fairly unanimous concensus as to the extreme red being called the primary red.
With these primary colors the physiological process of color vision has been explained; but it will be seen that there is no authorization to consider the same as the fundamental colors for three-color photography. If we had only to reproduce the spectrum colors with their peculiar saturation, and had to deal with colors of similar quality, the physiological primary system would be the correct one. Three-color photography has quite another problem to solve. It has to reproduce the colors of natural objects around us and to reproduce them correctly.
Von Hubl utilized the chromatic circle of the spectral colors to explain why the material colors can not be reproduced by the mixture of the physiological colors, and that less saturated ones must be used, which should lie at the corners of an equilateral triangle, of 120 degrees, based on a chromatic circle of relatively impure or less saturated colors. Colored lights or dyes which correspond to the physiological primaries do