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EXHIBITING, ETC. 239 of the machine works a pump, A. The cylinder E has an adjustable outlet, K, and is adjusted so that when the machine is working normally the pressure is sufficient to raise the piston F which carries the shutter. It will be seen that with these arrangements the safety shutter only acts when the speed of the machine is re- duced below the safety limit. It is possible, however, for the film to break below the gate, and leave the film stationary in the gate while the machine continues to run at full speed. To provide against this contingency, the film may control additional safety devices. In Butcher's Empire, a light roller, R (Fig. 197), rests on the film, and should the film break the roller drops and automatically operates a brake which stops the machine, thereby automatically causing the release of the safety shutter, which, when the machine is running, is held open by the centrifugal governor G. In other arrangements the shutter is held open by an electromagnet, the current through which is broken if the machine slows down or if the film breaks. Another arrangement is to hold the safety shutter open by a catch, and to use the film as an insulator between two contacts, so that if the film breaks, the current in the completed circuit energizes an electromagnet which re- leases the shutter. The current may, in addition, be utilized to switch off the projecting light, and, if the machine is motor-driven, to stop the motor also. Preventing the Film firing by directly cooling the Film in the Gate. This may be done by directing the current of cold air or gas, that will check combustion, on to the film. A recent alternative, proposed by Mr. Kamm, is to shape the blades of the shutter as a fan. The shutter may be placed behind the gate so as to screen the film from heat during the obturations, as well as fan the film.