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5 Thirdly, every action causes an equal reaction in the opposite direction.
The animator's apphcation of these rules will probably be a caricature of their application in physical science. But in order to make fun of something, we must have at least a superficial knowledge of it.
The most important of these laws, as far as we are concerned, is the first.
To avoid confusion in the following examples in referring separately to the tendency to remain still, we will call it inertia, and a little unscientifically, call the tendency to continue moving momentum.
These two control all animation, they are the natural law behind the fantastically unnatural behaviour of cartoon characters which is their chief appeal.
Cartoon people may defy other natural laws, such as gravity, for which they often have complete contempt; but they must always obey the laws of inertia and momentum.
Movement Causes Distortion
Unfortunately, the effects of inertia, in that it actually causes a change in the shape of a body, take place so quickly that they are invisible to the eye, and even to the cine camera. But the high speed camera, taking exposures as brief as 1/10,000 second or even less, can easily record these tiny movements, and it has given us some fine examples on which we can base our observations.
For instance, a golf ball, after it has been struck by the club, but before it starts on its flight, is squashed almost to a flat disc. This is because (like many people we could name) it doesn't want to start moving. The part that has to move, because the club is pushing it, crowds forward on to the part which hasn't yet been affected by the force. Then, when its inertia has been overcome, the elasticity of the ball draws it forward into its original shape, and it springs away from the club with tremendous vitality.
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