How to cartoon for amateur films (1958)

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If the hand stopped permanently, the momentum of the flap would be overcome by gravity and it would fall down again, but if the hand changes direction, the upward movement will continue, as momentum is causing the flap to continue moving in the original direction. Its upper end is being pulled one way, by one force, and its lower end in the opposite way by another force. So, after the stick has reversed its direction the flap will pass over the top of the stick, fall down on the other side, and remain there until the direction changes again. If this movement is animated, it will resemble very closely the distortion which we introduced into the vertical line (p. 36). There is then, a foundation in nature for the arbitrary distortion which we used merely as an aid to the eye in following movement. So it follows that the more the effects of inertia and momentum are introduced into our animation, the smoother and more pleasing it will be. If this simple hinged stick is used as the basis for the construction of an arm and hand ... j 58