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adjusted to make the finder accurate for the close distances at which it will be used.
If the camera does not have a direct viewfinder, focusing will be a matter of trial and error. This is not of very great importance as once the focus is found, it need not be altered.
Tracking shots, of course, will be out of the question.
4. The lens should be fitted with an adjustable iris diaphragm. This will allow us to vary the exposure to suit the lighting and also to produce fades. Again, nearly every camera has this feature.
So the camera which fulfils our minimum requirements is a simple affair. With it we shall be able to shoot our animation quite successfully, but certain effects will be beyond our reach.
We shall be able to fade out and to fade in, by closing down the iris from its normal stop, or opening it up to its normal stop in stages, and making an exposure at each stage.
But we shall be unable to mix or wipe, and we cannot obtain the many useful effects of double exposure, or superimposition.
For these the camera must also be capable of running backwards.
And if we want to be able to make tracking shots, the lens must have a focusing mount and a viewfinder which looks directly through the taking lens so that we can focus correctly in a number of different positions.
Further Refinements
Two more refinements will make it the perfect instrument, so far as any camera (pernickety creatures which most film cartoonists soon learn to distrust) can be considered perfect.
1. Registration pins fitted to the gate. These fit into one or more of the sprocket holes as the gate closes, locking the film into position while the exposure is made.
This ensures a steady picture. Moreover, we can make several exposures on each frame, and be sure that the image on the film each time will be in exact register with all the
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