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72 HOW TO USE THE EDUCATIONAL SOUND FILM the failure to introduce the film as a stimulating learning activity. Merely presenting the film, instead of building it into the framework of the lesson so that the students are con- centrating on certain aspects of the film which they will develop later, minimizes the advantages which may be de- rived. An inadequate introduction to the film showing natu- rally weakens any effort to make use of the film in subsequent activities. Aimless discussion following the showing reveals the lack of specific purposes in developing important concepts. As part of the training of teachers in one school system the superin- tendent suggested that they emphasize such questions as "What did you like best in the picture?" "What did you learn that you did not know before seeing the picture?" "In what ways did the picture change your ideas about things?" Leading questions may be adequate for beginning the discus- sion of a film, but usually are the substitute for definite planning of the film follow-up. In summary, typical errors in teaching with films are the showing of too many pictures at one time; the use of two or three unrelated pictures in a showing; the presentation of a film at the wrong time; failure to introduce the picture in a proper setting; aimless discussion after the film showing; limiting the use of a film to a single occasion during the course of the unit; and poor selection of a picture for a lesson or unit. The effective use of the sound film in the classroom requires the same thought and adaptiveness which should characterize the teacher's use of any other instructional ma- terial. The deficiencies in film-teaching methods which have been cited here may be readily overcome by integrating films with the local courses of study (thus familiarizing teachers with film content and the supplementary materials avail- able); advance planning of film use by the teacher; and a program of training and supervision which assists the teacher to become adept in the basic techniques of sound film instruc- tion.