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TRAINING TEACHERS TO USE SOUND FILMS 99 films an intelligent understanding of the film as a medium of instruction. As was pointed out earlier, this appreciation in- volves recognition of the technical elements of the sound film (such as the different types of photography, for ex- ample) ; the function of the film in the learning process—what it can do and what it cannot do; and how its use compares with that of other instructional materials such as textbooks, pictures, and laboratory apparatus. This background of ap- preciation is vital as a basis upon which to build creative teaching procedures with the sound film. Another goal toward which teachers should be working is a knowledge of the fundamental principles underlying the effective use of the sound film. Planning the use of the film, introducing it in a dynamic learning situation, following up the film showing, carrying on associated learning activities, repeating the use of the film when and as often as needed— these phases of the general technique of teaching with films are basic. Every teacher should be familiar with their gen- eral application to the instructional procedure he utilizes. A third outcome is the knowledge of specific film-teaching methods which have proved effective. Each teacher should approach the problem of acquiring this knowledge in terms of the subject or grade he teaches. He should know the specific purposes or teaching situations in which the sound film may be most advantageously employed. Furthermore, he should be equipped with a working knowledge of tech- niques for achieving such purposes—ways and means of adjusting films to pupil needs, of introducing the use of the film, and the like. It is not expected that a teacher is to be limited by what other teachers have done; rather, when he knows the variety of techniques others have used, special adaptations of these methods—or entirely new methods— will occur to him more readily. A fourth outcome is a habit of creative experimentation with film-teaching methods and procedures. The interesting variation possible in the classroom situation from day to day