International projectionist (Oct 1931-Sept 1933)

November 1931 INTERNATIONAL PROJECTIONIST 13 of the negative, in two separately applied layers. Raw stock is specially made for this purpose by Afga. The old panchromatic cine negative stock made by Eastman, prior to their "Type 2," was of this type, although not intended for coloring after development. This company's commercial panchromatic film (for stills), was, and probably continues to be, made with an ortho (green sensitive), layer, and a red sensitive layer. With both layers naturally being sensitive to blue, the film takes all visible colors. We can take a negative of this type, after the final washing, and transform it to a two-colored negative by "doubletoning." The top layer would be converted to a common blue tone (not a tint), and the bottom layer next to the celluloid could be toned uranium (orange). The positives are made on the same kind of stock, but of slower speed, and the coloring is carried out in the same manner as in the negative. The cameras and printers are the same as in black and white, without alteration. 8. Chemically Produced Colors, With or {Principally) , Without Additionof Mordanted Dye Colorfilm — Harriscolor — Jones — Magnacolor — Multicolor — Pathe Coloratura — Sennett-Color — ^Wolff-Heide. 9. Mordanted Dye-Tones {Silver Iodide Mordant) Brewster — Colorcraft — Photocolor. 10. Combination of Chemical {Blue) Tones and Dye-Tones Colortone — Ives. 11. Images in Pure Dye Only Kodachrome — Technicolor. 12. Hydrotype Positives Technicolor. In this method the printing is effected by a photographically produced "relief matrix" charged with water-soluble aniline dyes, contacted for some minutes with a damp blank film coated with clear hardened gelatine. The contacting, or printing, is performed on an endless steel belt with special sprocket teeth along the two edges, this being necessary in order to register accurately the two succeeding impressions. There are, of course, two matrices for each finished print. These matrices are recharged with dye after each printing, and thus a number of prints can be made from the same matrix. The printing does not require the usual "dark-room" precautions, it being carried out under white light. As this particular printer is well WILLIAM F. CANAVAN SAYS: IT is true, of course, that an able projectionist mu^t be a good mechanic, but it does not naturally follow that a good mechanic would be an able projectionist. My impression of the matter is that real showmanship is one of the most essential qualities for the real projectionist. He must be show-minded in all that the term implies, with a background of theatrical experience which will imbue him with that inherent theatrical spirit, — ^'The Show Must Go On,' no matter what may happen. No amount of academic training could possibly produce an outstanding projectionist. The essentials for good projection ar« not to be learned out of books alone. True, the theoretic approach will be of value to the novice and will be highly beneficial to the expert* enced projectionist; no man ever lived who knew as much as be ought to know. When any man reaches a point where he imagines he has all the knowledge he should have, it is a certain indication of his need of it. patented, no one has yet attempted to copy it. The late Max Handschiegl was the first to use this principle, utilizing a circular drum arrangement for contacting and registration. In the silent picture '"Wings" the flame effects of the falling airplanes were done by the Handschiegl process, sometimes called "spot coloring." Subsequently, another attempted to make prints (21/2-color), by using the Handschiegl machinery, but did not have much 13. Keller-Dorian Process Kodacolor — Kislyn — ParamountPublix— Liquid Air Corp. (N.Y.). A scientific term for this process would be "3-color additive lenticulated film." As the Kodacolor process has been explained in detail on many occasions, we need not go into detail on it here. The method was invented and patented by Albert Keller-Dorian in France. Wellinformed technical opinion does not hold this process to have much chance of success on 35 mm. film. 14. Three-Color Additive Simultaneous Projection Chronochrome, Gaumont — Featherstone — Opticolor — and all forms of the Keller-Dorian process (which see). Chronochrome is owned by Eastman Kodak Co. The colors are almost a perfect match of the original scene which, of course, cannot be said of 2-color subtractive positives. It requires a special camera with three lenses, a special projector with three lenses, and an extra assistant near the screen to register the three simultaneously projected images by remote control. In all of these processes the shrinkage of the film, both in negative and positive prints, is one of the greatest obstacles to success. 15. Three-Color Linear Mosaic Film, Warner-Powrie. In this process the colors, while additively produced, appear in the negatives direct, in the printed positives, or in the "direct positives." A remarkable feature of this process is the high degree of uniformity of colors obtained, there being no visible fluctuation. About twenty-five years have been spent in an attempt to develop this process which, while simple in principle, has proven difiicult to put on a manufacturing basis. It can be used for newsreel work, as the positives can be printed from bi-pack (resulting in 2-color) and processed exactly the same and as fast as black-and-white. It is intended, however, that this process will find its first application in 16 mm. photography. 16. Four-Color Simultaneous Additive Projection Cox Multi-Color. 17. Intended for Wide Film Magnachrome (2-color successive additive with alternate dyed frames). 18. Wide Film Masking Proportions Chronochrome, Gaumont (35 mm. with frames three perforations high). 19. For 16 mm. Kodacolor — Warner Powrie — Vitacolor. 20. Sound Track Inconvenient or Impractical Keller-Dorian — Kodachrome — WarnerPowrie. {This is the first of a series of articles on color photography and projection. Color film projection will be discussed by Mr. Robach in an early issue. — Editor.]