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bear little resemblance to a real horse and rider, yet they will join together on projection to give a recognizable image of a horse and rider in rapid motion.
Certain cartoonists have discovered that if, for example, they are depicting the rapid flight of a ball, an oval shape, distorted according to rules which they have established, will give a much more accurate impression on projection than a series of correctly circular images. It would appear here that a mental as well as a purely physical process is in operation.
With regard to change of size, you all know the set of shots which have been taken by a cameraman of something approaching the camera. Because the object has taken a long time to cover the distance, the cameraman has stopped his camera a couple of times without altering its angle relative to the subject.
Interpreting Visual Images
When you project the results the effect obtained is that the subject jumps suddenly towards you on each occasion when the camera has been stopped and started. This would appear to be due to a purely mental process. In fact, the mind is always making this sort of interpretation when viewing pictures.
Imagine you prepare a series of title cards, each identical in character, but
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each with its lettering slightly larger than that of its predecessors, shoot them in order, and project them. The title will not merely appear to grow larger on the screen, but will give the impression of moving forward towards you. Yet all the various cards were shot at the same distance from the camera. The effect is purely mental.
Image Displacement Effect
I have said that 16 frames per second is sufficient to give an illusion of even movement. But we all know that if you attempt to record relatively fast-moving objects close to the camera, and moving at right angles to it, the illusion breaks down. In other words, the displacement
of the images is too great, and the mind refuses to accept the statement.
There is another case where the mind insists on interpreting the evidence in its own way. I refer to the well-known effect of the wheel that refuses to rotate in the correct position, or the tank track which moves in the opposite direction to the vehicle it supports. In both these cases you have a number of virtually identical objects whose image displacement is more than half the distance between any two of them. The mind irresistibly associates each image with the nearest previous image to it, and thus the effect is of reverse movement.
If the degree of displacement is equiva
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INTERNATIONAL PROJECTIONIST • December 1948