International projectionist (Jan 1959-Dec 1960)

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IT HAS been estimated' that by 1955 there were more than half a million 16-mm sound projectors in use throughout the United States by schools, churches, clubs, business organizations, and community groups. (ED.'s NOTE: The current figure approaches the 700.000 mark. I In 1957. an estimated 7000 new films were released by the educational film field alone2. At the present time the annual expenditure in the non-theatrical film field is a quarter of a billion dollars, twothirds of which is in areas in which business and industry are making use of the motion picture3. The future of the 16-mm film is extremely bright as the atomic and space age gains momentum. The complexity of machines and fundamental knowledge of this era, and the ever-increasing demand for men and women to develop and operate the machines, make the use of the motion picture essential at all levels of education. Of the 1,100.000 teachers in American schools, less than 20% are using motion picture films effectively in their classrooms4. This situation will eventually change, for already several states will not license a teacher who is not trained in the use of the motion picture as an educational tool. As the non-theatrical film field expanded, it became apparent that a guide for equipment manufacturers and recommended procedures for projection of 16-mm film was needed to convert the potential usefulness of the educational film into a reality. In 1941, in response to a request from the Committee on Scientific Aids to Learning of the National Research Council, the Society of Motion Picture Engineers (now the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers I published its "Recommended Procedure and Equipment Specifications for Educational 16-mm Projection'^'. Recommendations presented in t lie report are still being followed by equipment manufacturers. Screen Brightness Levels Vmong the recommendations made by the SMPE for the projection of 16-mm motion picture films are the following, related to screen hrightness: 1. Optimum screen hrightness. 10 footlamberts measured with shuttter running but without film. 2. Limits o! screen brightness, not more than 20 foot-lamberts or less than 5 foot-lamberts. Th< 16-mm film projector is portable and i> use! under various conditions of ambient light. The wide limits in screen brightness tako r li i into consideration. The number of lumens (units of li^ht flux j required to produce the recommended screen hrightness for various 8 The Carbon Arc for 16-mm Film Projection By R. B. DULL National Carbon Company Division of Union Carbide Corp. sizes of matte and beaded screens are given in Table I. The values in parentheses were calculated by the author of this article. Beaded screens are directional in character, i.e.. screen brightness varies with the viewing angle. Since the brightness differences encountered over the range of viewing angles cover the recommended brightness range (5 to 20 foot-lamberts), only one set of values is given for beaded screens in Table I Recommend 10 Foot-Lamberts It will be noted that the recommended optimum value of screen brightness is 10 foot-lamberts. This is identical for viewing 35-mm film as specified by American Standards Association Standard PH 22.39-1953. and for 16-mm laboratory review rooms as specified by Standard PH 22.100-1955. The most powerful incandescent lamp n general use in 16-mm film projection s the 1000-watt. 10-houi lamp, producng up to 550 lumens on the screen through an F:1.5 coated lens and shutter of 72% transmission. Table I shows that the maximum width of a mane screen this amount of light flux can illuminate to the optimum brightness is 7 feet, although a 10-foot screen can be illuminated to the minimum brightness of 5 foot-lamberts. The maximum width of a beaded screen which can be illuminated to the recommended brightness is also 10 feet. A special 1200-watt incandescent lamp is available for 16-mm film projection, although it has not been as widely accepted as the 1000-watt lamp. This special lamp delivers approximately 600 lumens on the screen under conditions described previously herein. Six hundred lumens will provide the optimum brightness on an 8-foot matte screen, and the minimum 5 foot-lamberts on a screen slightly larger than 10 feet. A 12-foot beaded screen can be adequately illuminated by the 1200-watt lamp. Carbon Trims Available Screens up to 20 feet in width are common today in the projection of standard 16-mm film, and as wide as 35 feet with 16-mm CinemaScope. It is apparent that more light than can be produced by present-day incandescent lamps is required to adequately illuminate screens greater than 10-12 feet in 1. Britannica Book of the Year, 1956; Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2. Britannica Book of the Year, 1958; Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 3. J. Flory and T. J. Hope, "Analysis of Growing Business Film Usage," presented at 84th Convention of the SMPTE, Detroit, Michigan; October, 1958. 4. E. C. Dent, "Films Help Break Teacher 'Bottleneck'," presented at 84th Convention of the SMPTE, Detroit, Michigan, October, 1958. 5. Report of the Committee on Non-Theatrical Equipment, Journal SMPE, 37, 22-75, 1941. TABLE 1: SCREEN LUMEN REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASSROOMS5 Marre-Su rface Screen Beaded Screen Lumens for Lumens for Optimum Minimum Recommended Size of Screen Brightness Brightness Lumens (feet) (10 foot-lamberts) 106 (5 foot-lamberts) 53 5-20 foot-lamberts 2-1/2 x 3-1/3 46 3x4 152 76 67 3-% x 5 238 119 104 4-V, x 6 344 172 150 5-y4 x 7 468 234 204 6 x 8 612 306 267 6-:>4 x 9 774 387 338 7-V2 x 10 956 478 417 9 x 12 1376 688 600 io-y2 x 14 1872 936 816 12 x 16 (2430 1 (12151 1070 13-V x 18 (3076) (1538) (1356) 15 x 20 (3800) (1900) (1676) INTERNATIONAL PROJECTIONIST • MARCH 1959