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and other films. Even films which are intended not for public performance, -but only for private educational institutions are subject to police censorship.
No special authorisation, however, is required for these institutions; the censor's general permission for public exhibition is enough.
Censorship Criteria. — There are no fixed criteria for film censorship by the police. A general list of the guiding motives refers to a few fundamental aspects affecting the life of the community as a whole.
From the political point of view the censor must ensure that the film does not offend against the constitutional principles of the State and does not insult or slight representative persons or institutions; nor must it be of a nature to encourage acts of insurrection or revolt by spreading inadmissible views and ideas. As regards foreign policy, no film must disturb the friendly relations of Turkey with other countries.
From the technical and artistic points of view, the censorship requires that films shall as far as possible be technically up-to
date and, artistically, such as to educate and not demoralise public taste.
As regards other censorship criteria — hygienic, military, moral — it is the duty of the censor to prohibit any films or parts of films which, under the guise of hyigienic teaching, may offend moral feeling or which may be better suited for treatment in laboratories and scientific institutes than before the general public. He must also ban films dealing with military matters which for reasons of security cannot be made public. Finally, he must veto any film or part of a film or sub-title in a film which may offend against public morals or reflect criminal aspects of life in such a way as to encourage crime or immorality.
Statistical. — There is no official information concerning the number of approved films objected to by the police officials responsible for censorship; this is largely due to the official nature of their functions.
All that is known is that during 1929 a total of 222 new films were shown in Turkey, nine of them sound-films. The latter were all American. Of the silent films 80 % were of American origin, 11% German and 8 % French.
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