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At all stages films should be handled with the utmost care in order to avoid premature wear and tear. First, as regards copies. Copying workers, it may be assumed, treat films with the necessary care, and there is therefore no occasion to enlarge upon the processes of copying and developing. We will only mention one important requisite of film durability *— the freeing of the gelatine coating from salts. It must first be thoroughly fixed so that all silver bromide and any other silver salts are removed from the layer; next, the film, after being fixed, must be thoroughly washed to remove from the coating all traces of soluble salts; distilled water may be recommended for the final washing. Further, when drying the finished copy, over-drying must be avoided, or the film will become brittle and liable to tear; the gelatine coating should always retain its normal 10-15 % OI water.
As regards further general treatment, the first things to avoid are dust and scratch. Friction easily charges the film with electricity and in this state it attracts particles of dust. The gelatine surface, as already stated, is always slightly damp, with the result that dust may easily adhere to it and in projection will cause spots or, if the film with its dust particles is drawn through a narrow passage, scratches. Accordingly, all rooms in which film is projected, rolled or joined together, must be kept very well dusted; the floor is best wiped with il, and walls, tables and cupboards should be vacuum-cleaned so that no dust is raised. It should be remembered, too, that film is extremely easily scratched. The vertical lines running down the screen — the so-called " rain " effect — spoil the very best picture. Film should therefore never be dropped upon the table or floor in loose coils, for by rubbing of the corners and scraping along the floor or table-edge the film will receive scratches. It should be the invariable habit, when a roll of film has been unwound in the projector or by the roller, to wind it up again and not leave it lying about anyhow. If, as happens during joining work, the film cannot be immediately rewound, but has to lie about in loose coils, let a proper basket be provided and let not only the inside but also the edges be lined with cloth to avoid all scratching of the film. Films should on principle never lie or be carried about unpacked, except on reels. Let the spools be put into a close-fitting case and, if the case is too large. it can be stuffed with soft paper. Even when the film is in use, it should be left packed up as long as possible. For instance, a film should not be left longer than necessary beside a hot projector, not only on account of the danger of fire, but because it will become too dry.
Again, care should be exercised in letting film slip through the hand. When looking at separate frames, the film should always be allowed to pass easily along and not be grasped tightly in the hand; cotton-gloves should preferably be worn. The habit should be formed of not touching film on the coated surface and of holding it, whenever possible, by the edge. Supposing the border of a roll of film is not straight and even, don't try and force it into shape, that will only cause scratches. Rather see that the film is