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serial projection is in order, for instance, in showing stages of regular growth. Here, the processual method is unavoidable and an understanding of this natural process is an important part of our knowledge. If the film-roll illustrates this process objectively and in a tecnically serviceable way, we shall certainly raise no objection to its use. It may appear presumptuous to pass these judgments, but they have long been called for by the Universal craze for projecting by this means material open to criticism. The coriver'-' sion of a finished photograph into a new negative on the film-roll, the fresh1 development and copying on to positive film have undoubtedly harmed the' film-roll, especially when, as has often happened, bad pictures have been copied, owing, perhaps, to their subject-matter. The results were correspondingly poor and thus, even when the idea of the film-roll was admittedly good, failures in practice have occurred which have done a great deal of harm to the cause of photography as such.
Many attempts have been made to produce single pictures on film but, owing to the small size of the images, without success. Neither wooden' frames nor copper frames have provided any real solution of the problem. The chief objection was, and still is, that the picture series, which had been discarded for all serious educational work, has crept in again in this technically new, cheap and therefore tempting form. The old slide-series had done much more harm than good and made more enemies than friends. The charges rightly levelled against the " cast-iron " slide-series of being unsuited to illustrate a lecture designed for quite another purpose, were repeated with the same force against the new film-roll, which made escape from the serial system an impossibility. In the old days it was always possible with a little preparation to leave out something, and profit by a disappointing experience on a future occasion, but under the new device, there is no such remedy; the teacher has to show in turn everything that some retired official has spent his enforced leisure in preparing, has to project it, comment upon and explain it all, lest his more critical pupils accuse him of not having prepared his subject. And if he wants to pass quickly' over unserviceable or unnecessary picture, the apparatus itself stands in his way and demands the steady and uniform projection of all the pictures.
Without insisting upon the single film picture, but admitting that pictures uniform in subject-matter or anyhow connected with each other, should be made on a single roll, which would have to be small and short, as, it quite easily could be, there is a possible alternative. Three or four pictures could be joined on a roll of 60-80 cm. at fairly long intervals of 10-20 cm. Enough material would be left for winding up and projecting and the distance between the separate pictures would make their individual employment almost as practicable as in the case of glass-slides. The cost would be reasonable, for the film-roll would be cheap enough in respect of material, the copying process is not dear and the chief items in the bill of costs are the payment for the idea and for the making of the roll. This