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the air gets bad unless there is continual ventilation. In buildings that are too high, the bad air goes to the top, where it cools off and descends again, before reaching the exit, creating a vicious circle of draughts of bad air.
On the other hand, if the stable is too small, it will be equally difficult to obtain the necessary ventilation without causing currents of bad air.
Speaking in general terms, it is advisable to make a central passage for the manure and to feed the cattle from a passage along the side of the stable. In this way, the cows will be near the windows of the side walls, where the fresh air penetrates, and the transport of the manure is limited to one passage.
An abundant supply of air from above is highly to be recommended, so as to ensure maximum cleanliness, especially during the process of milking.
It should be shown how the animals' stalls should be paved with bricks, perforated as a protection against damp and heat.
A detail interesting for illustration will be the drainage canal for urine and faecal matter. This drain should be wide and deep enough to collect all the refuse matter without risk of its being splashed outside. For the partitions of the separate box the use of steel bars should be demonstrated : these are particularly to be recommended when the divisions are single.
Wooden crossbars should be avoided as they have cracks which it is difficult to keep clean and to disinfect.
The floors should, of course, be impermeable, to prevent the contaminating of the soil, and to facilitate the cleansing process. The urine drains should communicate, by means of special pipes with an impermeable bottom, with the main pipe. These drain pipes should be easily accessible to inspection.
In small farms the dairies may adjoin the stables; but should have a separate entrance.
In big farms it is advisable to place the dairies in a small separate building, being careful to avoid the neighbourhood of manure heaps, growing beds, or places where stockfeeds are ground or prepared, so as to keep the milk free from dust, flies, bad smells, etc.
The dairies should be well aired and lighted, the windows fly-proof and the walls cemented and tiled for at least i m. 35 above the ground.
The floor must be impermeable, easily washable and slightlv sloping, to ensure drainage.
English instructions advise a cement pavement, well cleansed and treated with substances that will render it resistent to the action of acids.
The drainpipes must empty into the outside canal ; inside there must be neither drains nor pits.
Milk generally contains an enormous quantity of microbes. In order to realise this, we need only recollect that so called certified milk, the best milk obtainable in America, under the control of the Medical Milk Commission, must not contain more than 10.000 microbes per c.c.
When the milk is milked, especially during summer, it may preserve a temperature of 91 F. for several hours, for which reason milk, which as is