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well known, is used in bacteriology for microbe cultures becomes a breedingbed for the microbes that contaminate it, which may increase from 10.000 to 1.000.000 per c.c.
The microbes contained in milk are derived partly from those which accumulate between the lower portion of the excreting channels of the udders those of the teats, and from the microbes in the air that fall during milking. If to all these microbes are added those microbes existing in unsterilised recipients it will be understood that milk during the summer months is exposed to serious danger of fermentation as a result of the multiplication.
The environment in which the milk is collected, should therefore permit of two essential operations :
i) Sterilisation of the recipients in which the milk is to be kept. 2) Rapid cooling of the milk so as to paralyze the multiplication of microbes it contains.
For small dairies an ordinary copper boiler, kept in the same room as the washing utensils, may serve as sterilisation apparatus, although it is always preferable to have a separate room, to avoid dust produced by combustion. Besides the boiler, there should be two sinks, for hot and cold water and for the filtering and cooling apparatus.
For bigger dairies there should be one room for the boilers, one for the sterilisers, and one for the coolers. A fourth may be added for the registration and measuring of the milk passing into the refrigerators, and for the cloakroom of the staff. A refrigerating cell, which may function from the refrigerator itself, would complete a good equipment for milk storage.
XL — Manure Heaps.
Manure heaps are very important from the point of view of hygiene and agriculture, for which reason we shall give an ample description of their construction.
Manure is often penetrated by pathogenic germs, such as carbuncles, tetanus, contagious water closet germs, all of them capable of producing serious disease in human beings.
It is therefore necessary to avoid the dispersion of the manure, and the penetration into the subsoil of water permeated by its contents.
It should further be remembered that manure contains large quantities of nitrogenous matter that must be mineralised by the activities of the microrganisms, passing by degrees from putrefaction to nitrification. This necessity should also be borne in mind when making a dung heap.
If the manure is kept in a pit, the purification of the organic substances easily takes place, but not the mineralisation, which requires a plentiful supply of oxygen.