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instance in steel and iron beton, may be shown. Boiler measurements may also only be shown by drawing, possibly in combination with photographs.
When illustrating machines and engines which with slight modifications may be used for various kinds of work, differing from those shown in the film, it is advisable to touch on such alternate uses. As an example we might mention the liquid gear which has been introduced into dynamos but can also be used for textile machines, machines for preparing foodstuffs, testing machines and similar processes in which the speed between the driving shaft and the driven shaft must be perfectly regulated. In such cases it would be necessary to show the construction and functioning of a gear inside the machine in a very detailed manner, after which other possibilities of its use might be summarily indicated. Films on machines made in this way may be used as instruction films for a very wide public. These technical films will appeal primarily to factory directors and other industrial leaders who make use of such machines, tools and engines in order to instruct them for purposes of reclame regarding the construction, action and yield of such machines, and also to widen their interest and comprehension. As the technical directors of such factories are generally members of engineers' associations and those of other unions, contact should be taken with such circles.
Thes films should be used for the direct instruction of workman and factory hands, for the purpose of elucidating the objects and methods of work. The Leipzig Technical Fair offered especially good opportunities for the taking of such films. It is possible to use films of this kind for the instruction of factory hands, especially with reference to the prevention of accidents. When shown in technical schools (Polytechnics, etc.) they are particularly valuable, but must be accompanied by explanation from a teacher and capable of being slowed down for special demonstration. In this way, as the running film is used to illustrate the whole process, a combination of slides and films is brought about, representing a maximum of instructive value.
Further, mention should be made of the endless film, illustrating by trick processes which take a longer or shorter time. The two ends of such films are stuck together in order to make it possible to repeat the process an indefinite number of times, until it has been grasped by all. An example would be the functioning of four cylinder automobile motors the direct and alternating current in action, the devious ways of the cooling currents in refrigerators, etc.
The film of investigation is used for the discovery of processes which are not visible to the naked eye. As such films are used both for instruction in schools and for information in professional circles, they may legitimately be defined as educational films. Two methods may be used for time-tests. The first, rather primitive method is to add up the single pictures on the