International Review of Educational Cinematography (Jan-Dec 1931)

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987 film as each picture represenets one-sixteenth of a second time difference with reference to the preceding and following one. It is therefore possible to fix the beginning and end of a process on the film and to calculate its approximate duration from the number of single pictures. A more exact method is to film simultaneously with the machine and the people using it, a specially constructed clock which goes faster than ordinary clocks and marks accurately the time employed in seconds and fractions of seconds and in minutes. For the appraisement of these time exposures, either of the machine or of the factory hands, the single pictures are projected consecutively on to a screen, and the time indicated by curves drawn by a graphic needle. Fig. 3 We have already mentioned these time test studies, for which reason we will not dwell on them here (i). In order to follow rapid processes of motion in all their details, various time expansion apparatus are used, for instance, in the case of boring machines for light metals to show how the drills work. Fig. 7 and 8 taken from a fiilm « German Tool Machines of the Leipzig Fair » show examples of this kind. In the first picture the drilling process was taken at a normal filming; the shavings fly so fast that it is impossible to follow a picture taken at this rate. When the time was slowed down 3000-fold by means of a more rapid taking, and a slow (normal) reproduction, it was possible to follow the process closely. In the same way it has been possible to measure the short circuit of arc-lamps in insulators and to design special screen and (1) "Work Studies with the Help of the Cinematograph" by R. Review of Educational Cinematography August 1930. Thun. in the International