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Projectors, Films and Film Libraries
by Miss A. Tommasi
Professor at the Umberto I School, Rome Member of the Italian Council of Women
Film width.
The width of the standard film at present in use is fixed universally at 35 mm., and there is no reason to suppose that this will be changed.
In all that concerns the cinema in schools and educational cinema generally, the question of film width is practically tantamount to that of cost. It is with the object of reducing the cost of amateur or not strictly professional cinematography that films of sub-standard width have been studied and adopted. By employing films of sub-standard width a reduction in expenditure is obtained, not only because the actual film material required is less but also because the projectors and their accessories are less costly and there is an appreciable reduction in transportation charges.
Parallel with the study of sub-standard film is the question of fire risks. The generally adopted solution of this latter problem for films of sub-standard width has been the use of an aceto-cellulose film base instead of the usual easily ignited celluloid. If the adoption of this uninflamable film had not given rise to certain inconveniences, the security from fire risks which it assures would place it beyond all discussion in a position of pre-eminence. But aceto-cellulose film presents notable disadvantages both from the technical point of view (shorter life owing to its less durable quality) and from the point of view of expense; besides the fact that aceto-cellulose film costs rather more than ordinary inflamable positive stock, its shorter life tends to heighten the factor of general cost.
If it could be satisfactorily demonstrated that, for the cinema in schools and educational cinema generally, the use of ordinary celluloid film did not present all the dangers that are generally attributed to it, one of the principal obstacles to the development of cinema teaching and popularisation would surely have been overcome.
Undoubtedly, celluloid film is apt to ignite easily, notably in the heat produced by the focus of light rays from the illuminating source in the projection gate. Safety devices, designed to obviate this inconvenience, are fitted to large commercial projectors. In these large projectors higher temperatures are dealt with than in school cinemas but the latter are also fitted with safety devices. All these mechanical systems minimise the risk of the film catching fire in the mechanism and even in the case of ignition, they prevent the fire from passing by way of the magazine passages to the upper or lower spool boxes.