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— Ui7 —
guous although the fundamental ideas are always the same. When the German law mentions films which " make people brutal " or which " are corrupting ", or when the American laws speak of " exaggerations of sex appeal ", or of " prolonged drunkeness " or " sanguinary scenes " of " rude or suggestive dances " or when the Swedish law prohibits " scenes of suicide or terror in films " which may exert a " bad influence on the spectator "; the psychological element is always the same. It is always the same moral criterion which is applied, and which constitutes the indispensable principle. At any rate, in many countries, if it is possible to prohibit in accordance with the actual film laws the vulgar, unsuitable or brutal production, it is not yet possible to proceed against the cinematographic production of lower class, whose banal and unreal content is likely to present to the young spectators, an absolutely false aspect of life. It was with justice at the Congress of Vienna, that Miss Colin pointed this out. Some countries forbid the projection of films concerning the white slave trade, other countries do not allow films where love scenes are too passionate or exceedingly long; in some countries films containing scenes which might lead people of weak character to crime, are prohibited.
Organization of Censorship.
A very interesting point is the composition of organizations charged with the examination of films. In the countries where the censure is made by State institutions as well as where censorship is [carried out, as for instance in England, by a Board of Film Censures, a semiofficial organization of qualified specialists, representatives of arts, of literature, of the different branches of cinematography and especially of institutions which are indirectly concerned with the welfare and protection of youth, is attached to the Board of Censors in order to collaborate with them. Generally Censorship is under the direct control either of the Department of Education or Public Instruction. In some cases censorship is carried out by police officers. If the films have to be presented to an audience of young spectators, an adolescent is generally attached to the controlling staff.
The collaboration of women.
Almost everywhere considerable importance is given to the collaboration of women; both in cases when this collaboration takes place unofficially and when it is carried out by special regulations, as for instance in Australia, in Sweden and in Italy. It is with perfect justice that the commission of the Y. W. C. A. always persists in pointing out the necessity of kthe participation of women in film censorship. In the U. S. A. the mission of elaborating the principles of a general censure is particularly performed by women.