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ACOUSTICS IN EDUCATIONAL SOUND FILMS
By E. Thielmann
The sound and talking film continues its triumphal march in the cinemas, and in addition to a large repertory of theatrical films, we have already a complete series of educational and cultural films which permit us to observe the possibilities, hitherto unsuspected, of this new technical conquest of the film. From many points of view, a rational consideration of the acoustics of the educational talking film provides a much graver problem than is the case with the film considered as a spectacle.
The choice of the sound or talking film is much more important in the educational than in the theatrical field. As is known, there are two types of sound film which are quite distinct, the gramophone synchronization system and the photo-electric system. The difference lies in the fact that in the first system, the sound (words or noises) are reproduced by a disc which is synchronized with the movement of the film, while in the second case, the acoustic part is registered on the film itself. The synchronization, that is, the relation between movement and sound both in producing and reproducing is therefore better in the photo-electric method, since this inevitably reproduces the sounds and movements as they were registered, and all film images are copied naturally from life both as to movement and sound. This does not mean that it is impossible to obtain by means of the gramophone system an exact synchronization of sound and movement, but the perfection of the correspondence depends on a much greater number of factors than is the case with the other method.
The photo-electric method may be considered then as being the best for the purposes of the educational film.
We must remember that, in a great number of cases, the scientific value of the educational film lies precisely in the automatic correlation of sound and movement. In some cases indeed, the slightest disconnectedness between sound and movement, even if of an almost imperceptible character or so little appreciable as to make no difference in theatrical films, can dimmish the value of an educational film.
Nor should it be forgotten that educational films are not only prepared for exhibition in public cinemas, but to a larger extent in schools, associations, and institutions where it is desirable that the film be as easy to handle as possible. Public halls and cinemas have a well trained technical staff for whom the difference of systems has little importance. Consequently, when the gramophone system is used the operator has always at hand an assistant to manipulate the discs. Photo-electric machines can, on the other hand, be worked by a single person, and in the schools, the teacher himself can operate them.
With regard to the acoustic part of the educational sound film, it is possible : 1 ) to register on the film the movements and the sounds of the subject to be taken as a simple