International Review of Educational Cinematography (Jan-Dec 1934)

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FILMS FOR VARIOUS SCHOOL GRADES especially for physical geography, in the formation of plastic images, for instance, the origin and course of rivers, etc.; for mathematical demostrations and, above all, in geometry for the demonstration of the displacement and superposition of figures representing lines and surfaces, etc. Animated cartoons are also useful for teaching natural sciences, showing the formation of organic tissues by mechanism of invagination and evagination, movements of microscopic organisms, etc. The documentary film is a long one. In order that it may aid the synthetic understanding of the principal branches of the subject taught, it must be long, so that it may embrace several lessons in one. It is intended to illustrate a phenomenon of a certain amplitude, which is produced on several planes in time and space. It is the film which is commonly used in teaching history. It can be made use of profitably at the end of a lesson, or at supplementary sittings if it is desired to avoid interrupting the regular class hours, and also with the object of leaving the pupils' minds freer to consider the projection. On the other hand, films of this description go a little beyond the rigorous limits of scholastic films, if the latter expression is taken in the strictest meaning of the words, and form a transitional stage on the way to the educational film, which has no direct relation to scholastic programmes and can equally be shown to the masses for the purpose of training and educating them at the same time. Whether the film that is being used is a simple demonstrative or a documentary film, the master's comment must always illustrate, complete and accentuate the interest of what has been shown on the screen. This system also fulfils the necessity of having a comment by a competent instructor instead of subtitles that would interrupt the picture. Projection in Large Until the time comes Classrooms or in wnen eacn classroom Separate Localities. has ;ts own apparatus, it will be a good plan to have one or more rooms in each school provided with the necessary installation, which can be used time by time for the classes that need lessons accompanied by cinematograph demonstrations. In view of their close connection with the lessons, demonstrative films have a natural place not only in the assembly room of the school but also in the classroom itself. Documentary and educational films, which by their very nature may be said to form the numbers of a scholastic programme, could be more conveniently projected in the assembly rooms reserved for the meeting together of a number of classes, or in halls outside the school. The programme of such meetings must always be so organized that the films shown to the children gathered together are not above their comprehension, but are based on facts that have already been made known to them during lessons. Otherwise, there would be no difference between school projections and those shown in public cinemas. Adherence of Films to The use of films as School Programmes, teaching material has an influence on the school curriculum, from the point of view of the plan of studies and also of the time-table. Under the first heading, we have to consider the working out of a scholastic film repository or library, in which the films that are to accompany lessons are divided by class, teaching material and subject This film library should be arranged and set up in accordance with the means at the school authorities' disposal, on a plan previously fixed by the teachers, the principal and the cameraman belonging to the school. Any alteration in the programme must be followed by similar alterations in the film repository. No other system is admissible. In exceptional cases, the possession of an interesting documentary film and the consequent possibility of projecting it may lead to the introduction of a new section into a lesson, but even in this case there must be a natural connection and no forcing of the logical, pedagogical relations between the two.