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EDUCATIONAL CINEMATOGRAPHY
I am sure that I have not put forward anything new in this report. Certainly, cinematographic organization will not be identical in all countries, but inasmuch as regards the Austrian and especially the Viennese teachers, I can only say that we seek to draw the best possible advantage from the cinema and that we also strive towards the goal of projection in separate classes although the financial side of the question prohibits
us from hoping for its early realization. Among the numerous other questions, an international conference should examine the essential one of the scholastic cinema and its principal problems. Attempts should be made to obtain international subsidies which would contribute toward scholastic cinematographic experiments which might point out the advisability of definitely following one system in preference to another.
VISUAL EDUCATION
BY
C. F. Van Nortwick.
EDUCATION is the gathering of knowledge. One way is through experience ; we gain experience through our senses. The eye is the most retentive as well as the most observant organ of the human senses. This was observed early in the history of civilization when the schools of India used the sand as blackboards. The earliest records are pictures. Comenius (1592-1671) used pictures for the first time in books when he published his text book, Orbis Pictus. Pestalozzi (1746-1827) and Rousseau (17121778) used pictures. Froebel (1782-1852) developed the senses of sight and touch and employed visual aids in his famous Kindergarten. A Frenchman named Niepce made the permanent photograph in 1822. A rapid development then followed in the photographic held with pictures and slides. Dr. Sillers in 1861 was the first to discover that moving pictures should stand still during the moment of vision. This discovery opened the field of motion pictures. Thomas A. Edison was probably the first to produce a real motion picture projector, with the use of glass plates.
George Eastman began experimenting with films in 1888 and in 1895 the first negative film stock was turned out, followed in the same year by positive film stock, and the demand has grown to millions of feet per month.
The first motion picture machine using film was invented by Jenkins and Armat and was marketed under the name of the Edison Vitascope. This leads us to the present day developments in motion pictures.
Visual education in its broadest sense embodies all forms of learning. Visual education means imaging, and for any learning to take place the subject matter must be clearly imaged in the mind of the student. Therefore, no matter which sense is appealed to when the activity is first brought to the attention of the learner the activity must become imaged before any real learning takes place.
With the above statement in mind, visual education readily divides itself into several groups, as reading, verbalism, smelling, seeing, touching, hearing, and tasting, in fact a learning unit for each sense. In