Investigation of concentration of economic power; monograph no. 1[-43] (1940)

Page scan 00020 from Investigation of concentration of economic power; monograph no. 1[-43]

Record Details:

Title:
Investigation of concentration of economic power; monograph no. 1[-43]
Date:
1940
Publisher:
Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Volume:
Investigation of concentration of economic power; monograph no. 1[-43]
Leaf #:
00020
Language:
English
Subjects:
United States -- Economic conditions 1918-1945, United States -- Economic policy
Collection:
Government & Law and Books
Format:
Books
Contributor:
Boston Public Library
Sponsor:
Kahle/Austin Foundation and Omidyar Network
Coordinator:
Media History Digital Library
Description:
no. 1. Price behavior and business policy -- no. 2. Families and their live insurance. A study of 2132 Massachusetts familioes and their life insurance policies -- no. 3. Who pays the taxes? -- no. 4. Concentration and composition of individual incomes, 1918-1937 -- no. 5. Industrial wage rates, labor costs and price policies -- no. 6. Export prices and export cartels (Webb-Pomerene associations) -- no. 7. Measurement of the social performance of buisness -- no. 8. Toward more housing -- no. 9. Taxation of corporate enterprise -- no. 10. Industrial concentration and tariffs -- no. 11. Bureaucracy and trusteeship in large corporations -- no. 12. Profits, productive activities and new investment -- no. 13. Relative efficiency of large, medium-sized, and small business -- no. 14. Hourly earnings of employees in large and small enterprises -- no. 15. Financial characteristics of American manufacturing corporations -- no. 16. Antitrust in action -- no. 17. Problems of small business -- no. 18. Trade association survey -- no. 19. Government purchasing-- an economic commentary -- no. 20. Taxation, recovery, and defense -- no. 21. Competition and monopoly in American industry -- no. 22. Technology in our economy -- no. 23. Agriculture and the national economy -- no. 24. Consumers standards -- no. 25. Recovery plans -- no. 26. Economic power and political pressures -- no. 27. The structure of industry -- no. 28. Study of legal reserve life insurance companies -- no. 28A. Statement on life insurance -- no. 29. The distribution of ownership in the 200 largest nonfinancial corporations -- no. 30. Survey of shareholdings in 1,710 corporations with securities listed on a national securities exchange -- no. 31. Patents and free enterprise -- no. 32. Economic standards of government price control -- no. 33. Geographical differentials in prices of building materials -- no. 34. Control of unfair competitive practices through trade practice conference procedure of the Federal trade commission -- no. 35. Large-scale organization in the food industries -- no. 36. Reports of the Federal trade commission on natural gas and natural gas pipe lines in U.S.A.-- Agricultural implement and machinery inquiry. Motor vehicle industry inquiry -- no. 37. Saving, investment, and national income -- no. 38. A study of the construction and enforcement of the federal antitrust laws -- no. 39. Control of the petroleum industry by major oil companies -- no. 39A. Review and criticism on behalf of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) and Sun Oil Co. of Monograph no. 39 with rejoinder by monograph author -- no. 40. Regulation of economic activities in foreign countries -- no. 41. Price discrimination in steel -- no. 42. The basing point problem -- no. 43. The motion picture industry-- a pattern of control
Date Added:
July 19, 2022
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4 CONCENTRATION OF ECONOMIC POWER as their novelty was exhausted, so exhibitors traded films with each other. It was soon realized that the owner of a stock of films could make a profit by renting a single print to a nurhber of exhibitors in succession, -thus relieving these exhibitors from the necessity of making a cash investment in films. Consequently, the original method of outright sale of films to exhibitors was replaced by a licensing system. Under this system, title to the film remained with exchange men, and each film was licensed to various exhibitors until the print was no longer usable. This method of film distribution is still in use today. In 1908, mainly to escape the effects of a patent war conducted chiefly by the Edison companies which held basic camera and projec- tion equipment patents, the 10 leaamg interests in the industry organized the first trust—the Motion Picture Patents Co.* All patent interests and rights were pooled, and the cooperating companies were licensed to manufacture and lease motion pictures. The East- man Kodak Co. cooperated by refusing to supply raw film to non- licensed manufacturers. Films produced by the "patents pool" were handled by licensed exchange men who agreed to sell only to theaters with licensed projectors, and the exliibitors were required to pay for the right to use projectors in addition to film rentals. Through this system of licensing, the pool attempted control of the entire industry. Resentment from those outside the "trust" took the form of bootlegging of films and projectors; protective organizations were formed and these organizations in turn prospered. Even licensed exchanges violated their contracts. To clieck this adverse trend, the patents pool in 1910 organized 57 of the 58 exchanges then in existence into the General Film Co. to distribute the films of the 10 producers on a national scale. These licensed exchanges agi^eed to buy only "trust" pictures. Despite the attempt to monopolize production and control distri- bution, the independent companies multiplied, flourished, and con- tinued making pictures. By 1912 dozens of new producers and dis- tributors, led by William Fox, operator of the fifty-eighth exchange, were offering the trust keen opposition. In this year a lawsuit was instituted against the trust as an imlawful conspiracy in restraint of trade. With antitrust sentiment sweeping the country, the General Film Co. was dissolved by the Federal courts in 1915. In 1917, the United States Supreme Court held, after years of hearings, that the patents company could not enforce exclusive use of licensed film on patented projectors in theaters, and the trust was declared legally dead. Concomitant with the fight over patent rights was the controversy between short and the newly introduced feature-length films. The trust, interested primarily in quick and inexpensive production, greeted feature-length films with distaste and refused to distribute them. The independent companies, encouraged bj^ the trust's reactionary policy, produced full-length features and sold exhibition rights to individual distributors each representing one or more States. These exchange men became known as "States' rights distributors." They were so successful that in 1914 a number of them joined with a * Edison, Biogranli, VitaEraph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, and Kalem, domestic manufacturers; Melies and Pathe, French oompauies; and George Kleine. distributor.