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28 CARL Louis GREGORY [J. S. M. P. E.
perforation on each side of the film and Edison used four rectangular ones, it was possible, by altering sprockets or by reperforating the Lumiere film, to use them interchangeably. Lumiere later reluctantly abandoned the two-hole perforation and copied the Edison standard in order to sell film to users of Edison machines.
In the early days France led the rest of the world in production, and many a pioneer film man in this country profited by pirating and duping French films for distribution in the Nickelodeons here.
It is a difficult and almost impossible task to locate chronologically all the different sizes of films. Often the details of perforations and frame size are entirely omitted in the records which have been preserved.
An advertisement in Hopwood's Living Pictures, edition of 1899, offers the "Prestwich" specialties for animated photography — "nine different models of cameras and projectors in three sizes for y2 in., l3/s in., and 23/s in. width of film." Half a dozen other advertisers in the same book offer "cinematographs" for sale and, while the illustrations show machines for films obviously of narrow or wide gauge, no mention is made of the size of the film.
During 1899 there were in England and on the Continent Mutograph films 23/4 inches wide, Demeny Chronophotographs 60 mm. wide, Skladowsky film 65 mm. wide, Prestwich wide film 23/s inches wide, Birtac film n/i6 inch wide, Junior Prestwich y2 inch wide, besides the present standard established by Paul, Edison, and Lumiere.
Henry V. Hopwood in 1899 described more than fifty different models of projectors made by different manufacturers and gave the names of about seventy more. Curiously enough the size of film used in the various machines is mentioned only in two or three instances. It is probable that most of them used the Edison standard, although it is obvious from the descriptions that many of them used other sizes.
Probably the first example of motion picture "film" as it is photographed today was a scene taken in the Champs filyse*es in Paris in 1886 by Dr. E. J. Marey. Although the "film" was paper, sensitized celluloid not being available until a year or two later, and cine projectors having not yet been invented, this paper negative could be printed as a positive film and run as a Fox Grandeur film today.
In May, 1889, William Friese-Greene, 92 Piccadilly, London, made a motion picture negative of a scene on the Esplanade, Brighton,