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Feb., 1930] PROGRESS REPORT 229
the efficiency of the higher wattage lamps,46 as well as that of the smaller lamps used in conjunction with sound recording and reproducing equipment. Several new models of Klieglights designed for sound recording work have been described. 46a
Silvered glass has been shown to be superior to aluminum as a reflector.47 A large spotlight of German design contains three rows of reflectors around the side and to the front of the housing which reflect the light to a series of mirrors set at slight angles immediately behind the source.48 Light which would otherwise be lost is thus used to increase the brightness of the spot.
In photographing the color sequences of Rio Rita 386 lamps were required having a total wattage of nearly a million.49 For the picture, Sally, it is reported that over 5 million watts were required and for Broadway, nearly 4 million watts.
Incandescent illumination is being used rather extensively in Europe. Lighting methods in the English studios are reported to be very similar to those used in this country except that there is a marked tendency to avoid strong highlights and backlighting. French studios are making tests on the use of incandescent lighting but are hampered by lack of the best lighting equipment. German studios are reported to be using incandescent lamps to a considerable extent. Data have been published on several new types of incandescent lamps developed in Germany,50 including semiportable lamps rated as high as 5000 watts using either facetted or polished parabolic reflectors.
Make-up. — Actors have found an orange make-up without eyeshading most successful for use in an all-color motion picture.51 Two leading professional actresses have described their methods for using make-up in some detail for the benefit of cine amateurs.62
Exposure Meters. — Naumann53 has described a photo-electric cell which has been mounted in a housing on a motion picture camera so that an image of the object may fall on the cell, and an illumination reading be taken on a meter. Neutral gray filters are finding considerable use on cameras to enable a full aperture to be used in order to secure preferential focusing.54 Patent protection has been given on an exposure meter of the fade-out type wherewith the shutter is automatically set when the indicator on the meter is just discernible.66
Trick Work and Special Process Photography. — Dunning56 has pointed out that the original patents will shortly expire controlling trick printing and composite negative making and that future inventors can therefore claim only improvements on basic principles.