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May, 1930] SOUND FlUfS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUCTION 517
there have been systematic attempts to improve the efficiency of memory, some of which originated with the Greek poet, Simonides, and while many forms of apparatus have been devised for the presentation of the material to be learned, no sufficiently impressionistic technic has appeared until the introduction of the sound motion picture.
While many inventors have made machines and devices for connecting moving picture projectors with talking machines, several of which have been extensively exhibited, it has been found difficult to make the combination a satisfactory one. Edison's kinetophone first put before the public in 1912 proved defective in the quality of voice reproduction and sometimes lacked in synchronism. Gaumont developed a type of apparatus for electric control of one machine by the other. The result was a uniform operation of the two by means of a current obtained from the armature of a motor generator attached to the operating shaft of the phonograph. Such mechanical connections for voice reproduction, however, have been practically abandoned.
The medical cinema of today arrives to take its place on a stage already set, replete with a background of an art immortalized by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rembrandt. The talking motion picture as a means of imparting and disseminating medical knowledge may be considered the flower of an age when culture and artistic expression have flourished.
The motion picture which illustrates this paper, in all probability foreshadows the introduction of a new personality in education, the sound picture teacher in medicine. Making due allowance for the infirmities of the author of this picture as an apprentice, one cannot expect it to be considered more than primitive in the light of developments which already suggest themselves. In the hands of teachers of experience and gifted expression rapid progress may be expected. As it is today, the structure rests upon a tripod, one leg of which is represented by the investigations, observations, experience, and association of ideas of the author; the second leg affords support by animated reproduction of pictorial and plastic illustration, while the third maintains a footing by means of the talking picture evolved through a synthesis of visual motion and vocal description.
I realize fully that in order to give it precedence to or even rank with present methods of teaching, there is need of much patient