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40 GEORGE LEWIN [J. S. M. P. E.
film to film. Level correction is made by simply raising or lowering the recording level of the dubbed record to what is considered the correct value. The level can be reduced to any desired point without difficulty, but in raising the level we are limited by the surface noise which is inherent in any form of recording. Quality correction is made by inserting suitable equalizers into the dubbing circuit. These will be discussed more fully later on. Film to film dubbing has its most important application in combined dubbing and synchronizing and will be discussed more fully under that heading.
Disk to film dubbing is comparatively rare ; however, on one or two special occasions it has proved quite useful in this studio. Dubbing from ordinary pressings is not entirely satisfactory as the surface noise is somewhat high. Better results are obtained by dubbing from a metal mould, which has been chromium plated for the purpose. The surface noise from a chromium plated dis1; is about 6 db. lower than that of a regular pressing, for the same signal output, and there is also a noticeable improvement in the reproduction of high frequencies.
Straight dubbing from disk to film is done for release purposes by studios which record originally on disk. One or two special cases of disk to film dubbing are worthy of mention. One of these was where a certain musical selection which had been recorded on disk for the scoring of a feature picture was desired for a new feature on film. Rather than go to the expense of bringing in a full orchestra to make a new sound track, the selection was dubbed from the disk and served the same purpose. Another instance was where a silent picture, The Silent Enemy, had been scored entirely on disk. The first reel of this picture had a spoken prologue which had been originally recorded on film and later dubbed into the disk. On releasing this picture for foreign countries the problem was encountered of making a new first reel disk which would contain the prologue in the language of the respective countries to which it would be released. The different languages had already been recorded on film. The problem was solved by dubbing the entire first reel from the disk onto film. This film was in turn dubbed back to disk and as the spoken prologue started, the English version was turned off and the foreign version turned on. After the prologue finished we turned back to the music and completed the reel. It will be noted that the music on the completed first reel was therefore dubbed twice, from disk to film and then from film back to disk.