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SIXTEEN-MM. SOUND-ON-FILM J. O. BAKER** Summary. — Improvements that have been made in the production and reproduction of sound on 16-mm. film are briefly described, together -with some of the problems that have been encountered. The two methods of obtaining sound-on-film, namely, recording and optical reduction printing, are discussed. It is now possible to reduce optically frequencies as high as 9000 cycles on 16-mm. film. Using a practical design of 16-mm. reproducing equipment it is possible to obtain sound from the 16-mm. film of as good quality as the sound that was formerly obtained from the average 35-mm. theater equipment. The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly the improvements that have been made in the production and reproduction of sound on 16-mm. film and some of the problems that have been encountered. The task of overcoming those problems has led not only to methods of producing high frequencies on 16-mm. film, but incidentally has also assisted in the production of better 35-mm. sound. A comparison of the two and their relative frequency ranges will serve to give an idea of the improvements that have been made and the quality of reproduction that can be obtained from 16-mm. film. In the past it has been the commercial practice to limit the high- frequency response on 16-mm. film to approximately 4000 cycles, and on 35-mm. film to approximately 6000 cycles. General im- provements that have been made in 35-mm. recording, processing, and reproducing have extended the frequency range to 9000 and 10,000 cycles. Similar improvements in the 16-mm. processing have ex- tended the 16-mm. frequency range to 6000 cycles without serious attenuation, while frequencies as high as 9000 cycles can be placed on the film and reproduced on high-fidelity reproducing equipment. As pointed out in a previous paper 1 there are two methods of ob- taining sound on 16-mm. film from 35-mm. recordings: namely, by re-recording and by optical reduction printing. Re-recording has the advantage that the frequency characteristic * Presented at the FalU 1933, Meeting of Chicago, 111. ** RCA Victor Co., Camden, N. J. 139