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176 W. B. COOK [j. s. M. p. E.
printing offered the more promising results. Such has proved to be so, and optical reduction is now the only system employed commercially.
Inasmuch as the decrease of length of the sound-track was 60 per cent, whereas the decrease of width was less than 15 per cent, optical reduction presents rather complicated problems, which have been met by different laboratories in several different ways, with more or less success. It is not the purpose of this paper to enter into the technical details of sound reproduction, but merely to state that a number of laboratories are now turning out 16-mm. sound prints from 35-mm. negatives of a quality distinctly superior to that of 35-mm. theatrical pictures at the corresponding stage of development. It should be remembered that dimensions of the photographic image of a 9000-cycle recording on 16-mm. film (which is easily attainable by optical reduction) would be about the same as those of a 22,500cycle recording on 35-mm. film, if such a frequency could be audibly produced and recorded.
At this point, it may be in order to point out the efforts being made by European countries, particularly Germany, to adopt a standard of 16-mm. sound-film that shall have the same dimensions and relations of the picture image and the sound-track as those adopted by this Society, but exactly reversed as to the projection positions of the emulsion surface and the perforations. In the standard adopted by the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, when the film is threaded in a projector the perforations are at the right edge of the film (looking toward the screen), and the emulsion surface is toward the screen. In the standard advocated by European societies, the perforations are at the left edge of the film (facing the screen), and the emulsion surface is adjacent to the light and the condenser lens. The complication is clearly recognized by at least one European manufacturer, who advertises that he will supply either right-hand or left-hand sprockets as required.
Considering the development of sound-film projectors, it is gratifying to observe the progressive spirit that has inspired manufacturers in the field. All the leading manufacturers of 16-mm silent projectors have already produced or are now working on sound projectors also. The RCA Victor Company has been the real pioneer in manufacturing 16-mm. sound-film projectors, and is already exploiting its third model. Thus a comparatively wide choice of projection equipment of varying capacity and price range is available. Most of the sound projectors are adapted to both 400 and 1600-foot reels,