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May, 1939] NEW DEVELOPING MACHINE 503
and a higher velocity is necessary to attain a degree of osmosis equal to that at the top.
At the exit loop of the developer tank is located a low-pressure airblast head which reduces the loss of developer. Similar devices are applied at the rinse and fixer exits. A vacuum head is installed between the dry elevator and the developer which effects a marked reduction in ground-noise, and a triple vacuum squeegee removes surface moisture before the film enters the dryer, without contacting either surface of the film.
The wash tanks are two in number and are connected at the top by a header of ample capacity. Wash water is introduced into the bottom of the tank nearest the dryer, and all this water is conducted into the first tank from which it flows to two nozzles in the top of the rinse tank and cascades down the faces of the rinse loops.
The water consumption is therefore very low, 12 to 15 gallons per minute, effecting satisfactory hypo elimination at 150 film feet per minute. Moreover, the entire volume of hypo wash water at an appreciably lowered pH is conducted down the rinse loops and immediately runs to waste.
The film rollers differ from the conventional design. Conventional rollers have lands corresponding to the perforation area but standard 16-mm. film has the sound-track along one edge and it was found that the celluloid beneath this area was being scratched thus introducing ground-noise. It was naturally supposed that the film was slipping on the lands in the direction of travel, but microscopic examination revealed that the scratches were parallel to the axis of the roller and the strobotac showed that by reason of the spiral threading over the rollers, the film entered near one flange and made its exit at the other, thus accounting for the side slip. The Cinaudagraph roller is designed with a radial crown extending the entire width of the film channel and on this is stretched a thin rubber band which conforms to the contour of the roller crown. In operation the film contacts the roller more nearly centrally and the slight sidetravel is taken care of by the resilience of the rubber, with no loss of traction. Consequently no friction markings occur and great improvement in sound quality results.
The last sixteen loops in the dryer are threaded through a lightweight elevator which is operated by the take-up sprocket. The sprocket shaft, which also carries the take-up pulley, is driven from the main shaft through a two-speed gear changer. The gears are so