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July, 1939] TELEVISION PRODUCTION 63
multaneously with this visual action, an off-stage announcer ties the forthcoming episode to the previous action and introduces the episode.
Cues for visual and aural production are given by arm and hand signals by the television producer. The camera then pans to the scene and the action starts. At substantially every episode that has been telecast, the action is continued to the conclusion of the episode without a break that could have been noted by the usual looker. Occasional lighting of subject or camera irregularities have required modifications of what was telecast, as compared to what was rehearsed, but these have been undetectable except to those intimately concerned with the production of the serial. A prompting system has been arranged, but it is almost never called upon.
It has been found that excellent overall supervision of all the processes of television operation and production can be exercised by a suitably trained director, who observes the program at a sight-sound television receiver located at a representative point in the service area of the television station. He talks by conference-circuit telephone to the television studio supervisor, television transmitter control operator, and possibly to other members of the operating staff. Defects in lighting, camera technic, microphoning or television control, or transmitter adjustments are instantly apparent to this director. Constructive criticisms are made to the person involved and conditions that can be cured are speedily adjusted. Monitors are provided in the studio and also at the transmitter, the latter operating by radiation from the transmitting antenna. Satisfactory monitoring of the performance can be achieved by the use of these monitors alone; however, the typical audience reaction secured at a distant receiver under home-receiving conditions, the effects of slight interference, and other practicalities entering into the picture as it is unfolded on the screens of the many lookers, are all present on the screen of the distant director, who is usually the writer.
On cue, the closing fade-out of the episode is made, and the camera switched to a sign reading, Vine Street. The fade is made electrically, and this means is usually utilized also in changing from scene to scene. Fades may be made as long or as short as desired. Other fades are used, known as out-of -focus fades and as lighting fades. The former is accomplished by rapidly turning the camera focus control so far out of focus that the scene becomes a blur of light and then reversing the process in coming into the succeeding scene. The