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Jan., 1942] THE IR SYSTEM 7
herently to be accepted. Indeed, present motion picture technic is fundamentally based on these optical limitations of the objective lens. Studio practice simply does its best within the limits of presentday optics. Some cameramen and a part of the audiences have become so accustomed to the present restrictions that they hardly realize the wealth of improvement which would be available were these restrictions to be removed. It does not occur to most people that the present abrupt succession of long, medium, and close-up shots necessarily results in large measure from the limitations of the lens. Present practice requires continually shifting the point of view, wearisomely accumulating many takes of each scene or action, painstakingly matching up successive takes, "covering up" in cutting and editing, delay and increased cost in production, unnaturalness in the acting and in the corresponding effect on the audiences, and a less economic and dramatic set-up than would otherwise be attainable.
The availability of increased depth of field would gradually bring about a marked revolutionary change in methods of production, greater flexibility, considerable economies, and simplifications in camera technic. To the audience, the pictures would more closely resemble legitimate-stage performances or even real life. It may be added that conventional pictures of today, with their limited depth of field, cause an unconscious irritation or strain to the audience. While the foreground may be in focus, the background is usually blurred. In accordance with long custom and experience, the eye of the viewer attempts to bring the background into sharp focus and of course fails. This continual attempt and failure is a physiological strain and a psychological disappointment.
In the case of color motion pictures, increased depth of field is, if possible, even more essential. Color pictures, when out of focus, are not merely blurred but also "out of color." Thus, a red-and-white checked dress when out of focus is merely pink — which is something quite different from the original. An out-of -focus background of colored objects usually shows curious bronzy greens, nondescript browns, and other unprepossessing and incomprehensible color effects.
From the viewpoint of the film manufacturer, the limited depth of field now current somewhat nullifies the advantages sought in the painstaking production of fine-grain film. The high possible "load factor" of the film is not realizable under present conditions. Sharpness of delineation is limited to a relatively small portion of the depicted space, and thus most of the film might as well be extremely