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Aug., 1943] COMMERCIAL FILM LABORATORY 177
shrinkage is also essentially inhibited; although the film may shrink somewhat when later taken out of the can, the shrinkage rate will be slow enough to permit the use of the film at least for a period long enough to permit making the desired prints. The storage characteristics of 16-mm films have improved considerably in the last few years, and still further improvement will doubtless come after the war is over.
Technical Requirements of Protection and Other Good Prints. — In the JOURNAL there are numerous papers on methods of measuring and reducing residual hypo. There have also been occasional references to the use of film "preservatives." Unfortunately proper washing and drying of films is the exception rather than the rule; it must be remembered that a protection print provides no protection whatever unless it is properly washed and dried.
"Green" Film.— On April 14, 1939, the Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences issued a Technical Bulletin, "Report on Film Preservative Tests," which describes "green" film:
"Treatment given to release-print film after it has been printed, developed, and dried is commonly called 'film preserving,' and the processes by which this treatment is given are known as 'film preservative' processes.
"The gelatin of freshly developed film carries a high percentage of moisture in its pores and as long as this condition prevails is known as a 'green' emulsion. A so-called 'green' emulsion is quite soft and the slightest abrasion will cause a scratch. These scratches widen out as the gelatin dries, and cause the 'rainy' effects seen on the screen in the theater.
"As film with 'green' or soft emulsion passes through a projector, it leaves small deposits of emulsion on the tension shoes at either the aperture plate or the sound-gate, unless the tension shoes are kept thoroughly lubricated. Such deposits build up resistance to free passage of the film over them, and scratch the film during projection.
"When the moisture in a 'green' emulsion is withdrawn too quickly, the gelatin shrinks and the film warps or buckles. If too great an amount of moisture is withdrawn from the gelatin, the film becomes brittle, loses its pliability, and is easily torn while being projected."
The subject of green film is ordinarily considered "delicate;" it is too often explained away rather than investigated. It is not unreasonable to believe that a major source of difficulty with such films as those untreated films described is just plain improper drying in the drybox of the developing machine. If one attempts to project an ordinary mass-produced low-price 16-mm "green" print made