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12 BATES AND RUNYAN July
amounts of potassium iodide are added initially to the fresh developer, the color-balance changes are reduced. We have adopted the practice of adding small quantities of potassium iodide to fresh No. 502 first developer. No iodide is added to the replenisher solution.
Under processing conditions where only moderate agitation is encountered (as in Pako processing) bluish-cyan color balances are often encountered because the first developer is most active on the top layers of the film and does not easily penetrate to the bottom layer. Increased first development tunes under such conditions do not change the relative rates of development in the layers. However, the maintenance of a higher than normal iodide concentration will restrain first development in the top layers more than hi the cyan layer and by use of slightly longer than normal developing tunes, a normal color balance can be achieved. In this case, it is necessary to maintain this high iodide concentration by adding a small amount to the replenisher solution.
The above color-balance shifts are essential for the processing of Types 234, 634, 235, and 635 sheet, roll, and 35-mm cartridge films since these materials must be balanced so they can be processed successfully both by amateurs with hand-processing outfits and by factory finishing. Obviously it is not necessary to achieve a so-called normal balance for a machine used to process a printing-type film whose balance is normally modified by printing filters, but it is of course essential that whatever balance is obtained be maintained consistently.
B. Replenishment Procedure 1. General
The following developer replenishes were worked out using the solution analysis technique described by Brunner, Means, and Zappert.2 Although the exact replenishment rates may require adjustment from time to time, use of the replenishers will maintain the solution ingredients very close to their initial concentrations.
Greater than 10 per cent variation in replenishment rates rarely are necessary. Trends that are not corrected by such changes eventually are traced to a mechanical or physical fault. Such difficulties should be solved by chemical analysis of the solutions in doubt. Through the knowledge of the film response to different chemical variations, skilled controlmen have maintained consistent color balances and