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286 TALBOT September
atmosphere, and with projectors infrequently used and not in excellent repair, "sticking" in the gate is liable to occur. In certain cases, an unsteady picture and distorted sound will result. In addition, there may be abrasion marks through the center of the row of perforations and along one or both sides of the sound track. If the "sticking" is severe, loss of the lower loop usually will occur and, if projection is continued, the film may become damaged be3^ond repair. Thus, for good operation, 16-mm films require adequate lubrication just as do 35-mm prints.
There is some dissimilarity, however, between the methods of lubrication used on 35-mm film and those on 16-mm film. Edge-waxing is the method frequently used throughout the industry for the lubrication of 35-mm prints. In this method a band of low-melting paraffin is applied from a solvent to the centers of both rows of perforations on the emulsion side. The Eastman Kodak Company has employed a modification of this method for 16-mm "customers' originals," both black-and-white and color, since 1928. For 16-mm films, there is used a very dilute solution of pure mineral oil in carbon tetrachloride.
With the advent of 16-mm sound prints it was suggested that the application of mineral oil on the sound-track side of the film be omitted so as not to impair the sound quality. Sticking was frequently encountered as the result. A new method, therefore, was sought which would ensure adequate lubrication of the sound-track side as well as of the perforated side. Over-all lubrication of the emulsion surface appeared to be the solution of the problem.
II. OVER-ALL WAX LUBRICATION OF 16-MM FILMS
Extremely thin coatings of certain waxes over the entire emulsion surface were found to be ideal. Each of these waxes forms a continuous transparent layer over the entire surface, providing excellent lubrication and some slight amount of scratch protection as well.
A . Waxes from Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride has long been used as a solvent for waxes and oils. It is the main constituent of many film-treating and film-cleaning formulas. It evaporates rapidly, is noninflammable, and inexpensive. It has, however, one serious drawback, i.e., the toxicity of its vapors. It has been claimed that it is unhealthy to work in an atmosphere in which the odor of carbon tetrachloride can be detected by the