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392 . HILLIARD October
characteristic, it was then necessary to analyze the recording characteristic and verify that this reciprocal amount of pre-equalization could be used. An example of a typical response curve recommended by the Motion Picture Research Council for 35-mm work is shown in Fig. 1. This response applies only to a specific type of loudspeaker.2
In order to make available adequate acoustic power it is necessary to determine the efficiency of the various loudspeakers. A typical curve showing the recommended power for a given number of seats has been published by the Research Council. This recommendation assumes a loudspeaker efficiency of approximately 25 to 35 per cent over-all.
Limitations in the region below 100 cycles are required because of the presence of noise reduction or shutter bumps. The timing constant of the noise-reduction equipment is such that this occurs below 50 cycles. It is the author's opinion that an ideal theater reproduction should include a high-pass filter which begins to cut off at 45 or 50 cycles. This would allow maintaining the characteristic more nearly flat down to cutoff.
By reviewing the procedure for creating the 35-mm standard, it should clarify the ideas considered necessary to formulate the 16-mm standard reproducing characteristic. A large amount of 16-mm output is derived from original 35-mm film. The general standard for film-laboratory development equipment in present 16-mm release has been lower than that for the 35-mm field. This undoubtedly has been influenced by the cost to the user. Recording characteristics have been largely influenced by high rates of flutter, wow, low amplifier capacity, low efficiency, and poor response of loudspeakers. The loudspeakers have been of the inexpensive type and usually small portable cabinets are used.
In Fig. 2 the solid line shows the response that has been used for many years in the re-recording channels to minimize the above deficiencies. The dotted curve is the re-recording channel curve that is now being considered for extensive use. These curves have been arrived at on the basis of listening to loudspeakers designed for 35-mm work and by taking into consideration the defects which have been present in 16-mm. These curves are re-recording curves only and should not be misconstrued as a recording characteristic.
Recently, demonstrations have been held which indicate that equipment is now, or will shortly be, made available, which removes many of the objections mentioned. Improved printers, direct positives,