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Simplification of Motion Picture Processing Methods
BY C. E. IVES AND C. J. KUNZ EASTMAN KODAK Co., ROCHESTER, N.Y.
SUMMARY: The chemical bath formulas and treating methods used in present-day continuous motion picture processing machines were adopted without essential modification from the earlier manually operated rack-andtank process, to which the long times of treatment were well suited. In continuous processing at high running speed, these long times of treatment require the use of large-size machines of considerable complexity which are costly to build and difficult to operate and maintain. Recent work on rapid processing methods has shown that, with highly active baths and spray application, the tunes of treatment can be reduced by a factor of 25 to 50, so that equipment can be made smaller and simpler as well as easier to operate and maintain.
With such types of film as can be strongly hardened in manufacture, elevated temperatures are used to accelerate the reactions further and to simplify temperature control without refrigeration. In this case, processing is complete in a minute or less. Even with films which are not hardened to such a degree in manufacture, the total time for processing can usually be reduced to a few minutes by making use of active baths applied by spraying and impingement warm-air drying. The latter films sometimes are hardened in a preliminary bath to gam time by the use of vigorous baths and elevated temperatures if the process comprises a number of successive bathing operations.
The design of equipment to suit the needs of these processing methods is described with reference to the conditions which are met in television work, in the motion picture laboratory and in the field.
AMONG ALL the types of photography, motion picture work stands out as that in which the degree of mechanization and the completeness of technical control during the processing operations are greatest. The present high level of quality and uniformity of results bear evidence of the effectiveness of the effort which has been made to improve materials and equipment over the years. While quality has undergone continuous improvement during the last three decades, the running speed of processing machines has increased by a factor of several times, with a corresponding gain in productive capacity.
The chemical processes around which the continuous machine is built, however, have not changed significantly from the day of the hand-manipulated rack-and-tank method for which they were de
PRESENTED: October 14, 1949, at the SMPE Convention in Hollywood. Communication No. 1317 from the Kodak Research Laboratories.
JULY 1950 JOURNAL OF THE SMPTE VOLUME 55 3